‘Grey lens’ of depression may contribute to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy

• Researchers analyzed data from surveys conducted between April and July 2021 that examined the traits, behaviors, and beliefs of more than 15,000 adults from across the United States.
• About 30% of respondents reported experiencing moderate or greater depressive symptoms.
• About 20% endorsed at least one statement of misinformation related to COVID-19 vaccines.
• Respondents who endorsed at least one false claim about COVID-19 were half as likely to be vaccinated.
  

In 2018, Dictionary.com named “misinformation” — a noun referring to false information that people and organizations spread, regardless of whether there is intent to mislead — its word of the year.

The word certainly came in handy two years later. From the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, misinformation has run rampant. False and misleading information about everything from the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines to treatments for the disease has spread like wildfire on the internet, often with deadly consequences.

In April of 2020, for instance, Aljazeera reported that over 700 people died in Iran after ingesting toxic methanol because they believed it could cure COVID-19.

A new studyTrusted Source aimed to see whether there was a link between depressive symptoms and receptiveness to misinformation about vaccines for COVID-19.

Perceiving the world differently

Researchers behind this study published in JAMA Network OpenTrusted Source started by exploring whether individual characteristics — more complex than simple demographic factors or party affiliation — could be associated with greater susceptibility to misinformation.

The researchers pointed to a 2019 study that suggests that individuals with depressive symptoms often display a greater negativity bias, meaning they pay more attention to information that is largely negative.

Dr. Roy Perlis, lead author of the new study, associate chief of research at the Department of Psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital, and director of the hospital’s Center for Quantitative Health, says that was their origin point for the study.
“We wondered whether people seeing the world this way might also be more susceptible to believing misinformation about vaccines. If you already think the world is a dangerous place, you might be more inclined to believe that vaccines are dangerous — even though they are not,” he says.

Social media, vaccines, and false claims

For this study, researchers looked at data from a survey of over 15,000 adults from all 50 states between April and May 2021 and June and July 2021. They measured participants’ depressive symptoms using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).

The researchers presented participants with misinformed statements that were prevalent on social media platforms in the spring of 2021 and asked participants to label them as “accurate,” “inaccurate”, or “not sure.”

These false statements were:

• The COVID-19 vaccines will alter people’s DNA.
• The COVID-19 vaccines contain microchips that could track people.
• The COVID-19 vaccines contain the lung tissue of aborted fetuses.
• The COVID-19 vaccines can cause infertility, making it more difficult to get pregnant.

After collecting their answers, researchers informed the participants that the statements were not true to ensure the survey did not spread misinformation.

They asked participants about their primary news sources, which included resources from Fox News to government infographics and materials. Researchers also asked sociodemographic questions, requesting that participants share their race, ethnicity, and gender and rate their ideology on a scale ranging from “extremely liberal” to “extremely conservative.”

The majority of the participants were female (63.6%) and white (76.7%).

The researchers took note of whether the survey participants had received a COVID-19 vaccine. Participants who had not received a vaccine marked whether they would get one “as soon as possible,” “after some people I know,” “after most people I know,” or stated, “I would not get the COVID-19 vaccine.”

As part of the study, the researchers also analyzed data received from a subset of nearly 3,000 respondents who answered an additional survey two months later.

Does depression contribute to hesitancy?

Nearly 30% of respondents had moderate or greater depressive symptoms, according to the PHQ-9. About 20% of respondents endorsed at least one of four vaccine-related statements of misinformation.

Respondents who endorsed at least one misinformed statement were half as likely to have received a COVID-19 vaccination.

Respondents reporting depressive symptoms in the first survey were twice as likely as those who did not report depressive symptoms to endorse more misinformed statements in the second survey than they did in the first.

The researchers stress that the study’s design does not allow them to address causation.

“While we can’t conclude that depression caused this susceptibility, looking at a second wave of data at least told us that the depression came before the misinformation. That is, it wasn’t that misinformation was making people more depressed,” Perlis says in a press release.

A ‘bucket of factors’ add to susceptibility

Dr. Kate Maddalena, an assistant professor at the Institute of Communication, Culture, Information, and Technology at the University of Toronto Mississauga in Ontario, told Medical News Today that the study serves as a reminder that society needs to do a better job of diagnosing and treating individuals with major depressive disorder.

That said, she cautioned that even if someone were to develop an intervention that could tackle the Herculean task of reducing depression in the population, the complicated problem of misinformation would likely still plague society.

She said that numerous other factors such as an individual’s socioeconomic status and political affinity also play a role in how vulnerable one is to believing false information.

Dr. Maddalena called reducing depression “a positive drop in [a] big bucket of factors that contribute to susceptibility to misinformation.”

Dr. Robert Trestman, senior vice president and chair of psychiatry at the Carilion Clinic in Virginia, agreed that a battle against misinformation has numerous fronts.

“Especially now, in our culture at this time, so much of the disinformation isn’t a simple fact — it’s a whole fabric,” he told MNT.

“[F]or many, it is almost religious in the intensity of the belief structure, and challenging these beliefs is — in some ways — almost like challenging someone’s religion. [U]ntil we can help align more of society to support the need for honesty and accuracy in what we report, acknowledging that we can be uncertain but that we do the best we can to share accurate information, […] it’s not going to change,” he said.

According to Trestman, this belief structure and culture of disinformation are why “2,000 Americans died yesterday from COVID-related illnesses, and the vast majority of those individuals were unvaccinated.”